Jupiter

Jupiter (or Sol V) was the fifth and largest planet of the Sol system. It had many moons, including Io and Ganymede, and was located close to the asteroid belt. The spatial coordinates in orbit of the inner moon Io were 23.17.46.11. 

A close-up image of Jupiter was contained in the library computer aboard the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701). This data was flashed on a viewscreen when the Talosians scanned the Enterprise computer in 2254. ( remastered)

History
In 1973, this planet was surveyed by Pioneer 10, which discovered the planet's magnetic field and magnetosphere. 

In 2143, the NX-Alpha was destroyed near Jupiter shortly after breaking the warp 2 barrier. By 2151, Jupiter Station in orbit of Jupiter served as a repair facility to Earth Starfleet and the Earth Cargo Service. (, et al.)

Jupiter Outpost 92 was one of the outposts established in the vicinity of the planet. 

Jupiter was seen on a map depicting the Sol system scanned by Nomad. 

According to Arex, the cosmic cloud encountered by the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) in 2269 was twice the diameters of Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune in size. 

In 2273, the Enterprise flew past Jupiter on its way to intercept V'Ger. 

Tours of the lava flows on its third moon were popular by 2377. 

In 2258 of the alternate reality, the USS Vengeance underwent construction at the Io Facility, a spacedock in orbit of the moon Io.

Background Information
Jupiter was named after the Roman king of the gods in Earth's mythology. A painting seen in several episodes aboard the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D) was originally created by Rick Sternbach to illustrate a (non-Trek) science fiction story called "The Anvil of Jove". As such, it depicts a plane-like craft tethered to a balloon, cruising the atmosphere of Jupiter. 

By the time of its appearance in, set in the 2270s, the , usually considered to be a temporal (though centuries old) feature, still seems to exist and look very similar to how it looks now.

Star Trek: Deep Space Nine set decorations mention the Jupiter Mining Corporation, which may be associated with this planet.

The chart of Sol/Jupiter in relation to nearby astronomical objects seen in was taken from page T0:02:07:02 of the Star Fleet Technical Manual by Franz Joseph.

According to Star Trek: Star Charts (Pgs. 22, "United Federation of Planets I"), Jupiter was classified as a J-class planet. This planet was a charter member of the United Federation of Planets in 2161.