Bread and Circuses (episode)

Kirk, Spock, and McCoy are captured on a planet that resembles a Roman Empire with 20th-century technology. They are set to die at the hands of gladiators for the sake of public spectacle.

Teaser
Near the planet 892-IV, the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) discovers the wreckage of the SS Beagle, a merchant ship missing for six years, whose captain is R.M. Merik, a friend of Captain Kirk. When the Enterprise enters orbit to look for survivors, it intercepts a 20th Century-style television broadcast in which a Roman gladiator defeats and kills a "barbarian." The casualty is named William B. Harrison, whom Spock identifies as the Beagle's flight officer. Kirk assembles a landing party.

Act One
Kirk, Spock and McCoy beam down, outside the city where the broadcast originated, mindful of their duty under the Prime Directive not to interfere with the society's development. They are captured by "Children of the Son" – sun-worshipping runaway slaves who are hiding in caves to avoid recapture. Flavius Maximus, a former gladiator, regards the officers as Romans who should be killed to avoid disclosing the hiding places; but the rebels' leader, Septimus, abhors violence, and Kirk's use of his communicator convinces him they are not with the authorities but are from an "offshore ship." Septimus says the Children of the Sun teach peace and brotherhood but are persecuted for their beliefs.

The crew look at magazines that show astonishing parallels with Earth's ancient Rome, though with 20th-Century technology. However, when Kirk mentions the loss of Captain Merik six years earlier, they conclude that he is now Merikus, the First Citizen. Kirk explains to the Children of the Son that such interference would violate an "important law," for which he needs to be removed for punishment. Septimus orders Flavius to lead them into the city.

The group is spotted and captured by the police.

Act Two
The captives are taken into the city. Kirk uses their captors' fear of reprisal to angle for a meeting with "Merikus." He is indeed Merik, and he takes them to Proconsul Claudius Marcus, who knows their off-world origins. Merik explains that, after the shipwreck of the Beagle, he was forced to beam down all his crew. They were given two options: "adapt" to their new world or fight in televised gladiatorial competitions for the entertainment of its inhabitants. Kirk sees that Merik has violated his oath and ordered his own crew to their deaths. Claudius hands Kirk his communicator and tells him to do the same. But Kirk gives Scott the code Condition Green: a signal that the party is in trouble, but forbidding a rescue attempt. Claudius elicits from Merik that Kirk has a starship commission that Merik sought but could not qualify for. The livid Claudius dispatches Spock and McCoy to "the games" to die.

Act Three
Kirk is forced to watch as Spock and McCoy are condemned to fight Flavius and another gladiator in the arena. Spock holds his own against his opponent, but McCoy is severely outmatched, only surviving because Flavius is reluctant to kill him. Flavius is threatened and whipped to encourage him to attack, whereupon he gives McCoy some tips to make it "look real." Spock overpowers both opponents. This violates the rules, and the lives of Spock and McCoy are put in the hands of Merik and Claudius. They spare the two to maximize their influence on Kirk.

Act Four
McCoy and Spock seek a way out of their cell – and McCoy seeks a way past Spock's determination to control his emotions and, for a moment, succeeds. Meanwhile, at Merik's luxurious home, Merik tells Kirk that the crew of the Enterprise will eventually come down to the planet's surface, but Kirk still refuses to cooperate. This increases Claudius' respect for Kirk and he sends the slave-girl Drusilla to seduce him.

The Enterprise intercepts broadcasts announcing Kirk's execution in the arena. Scott, though forbidden to mount a rescue, devises a way to disrupt the execution and warn the city of the power of a starship.

Claudius tells Kirk that his night with Drusilla was a favor to a condemned man rather than an attempt at interrogation, in the process dealing an insult to Merik. Kirk is taken to the arena for his execution. On the way, Merik has a change of heart; he is too late to save Kirk, but tells him he will try to save the other two. The execution, however, is interrupted by Flavius, and by a power black-out induced by phaser fire from the Enterprise. Flavius is killed by the guards' machine guns, but Kirk escapes and runs to free Spock and McCoy from their cell.

The Romans intercept the rescue attempt from both sides, and thus draw swords rather than firearms. During the fighting, Merik signals to the Enterprise with a stolen communicator but is stabbed by Marcus. Merik still manages to toss the communicator to the feet of Kirk, Spock, and McCoy. Locking onto the signal, Scotty beams them back aboard, just as the Roman guards open fire.

Spock muses about the remarkable parallels between Earth of the Roman Empire and Planet 892-IV – except that Rome had no sun-worshippers. But Lt. Uhura, who has been monitoring the planet's broadcasts, reveals that they are not worshipping the sun but the "Son of God." Planet 892-IV had both a Caesar and a Christ, and its evolution will proceed, in due time.

Log entries

 * Captain's log, stardate 4040.7. On the surface of planet IV, system 892, the landing party has won the confidence of what obviously is a group of runaway slaves. They dwell in caves not far from a large city, wear rags, live under primitive conditions. But they are creatures of a heavily industrialized 20th century-type planet very much like Earth, an amazing example of Hodgkin's Law of Parallel Planetary Development. But on this Earth, Rome never fell. A world ruled by emperors who can trace their line back 2,000 years, to their own Julius and Augustus Caesars. 


 * Captain's log, stardate 4040.9. Uniformed police like those of Earth, a great city like Rome with automobiles. Astonishing similarities to 20th Century Earth, down to the fine carbon steel in the bars. 


 * Ship's log, stardate 4041.2. Chief Engineer Scott recording. Captain Kirk and his landing party have checked in, but they have used the code term Condition Green, which means they're in trouble. But it also prohibits my taking any action. 


 * Enterprise log, Engineer Scott reporting. All banks in readiness for disruption of power sources on the planet's surface. 


 * Captain's log, stardate 4041.7. Note commendation, Engineering Officer Scott. Despite enormous temptation and strong personal feelings, he obeyed the Prime Directive. His temporary blackout of the city below resulted in no interference with the society and yet saved the lives of myself and the landing party. 

Memorable Quotes
"Once, just once, I'd like to be able to land someplace and say, 'Behold, I am the Archangel Gabriel!'"

"I fail to see the humor in that situation, Doctor."

"Naturally. You could hardly claim to be an angel with those pointed ears, Mister Spock. But say you landed someplace with a pitchfork..."
 * - McCoy and Spock, after arriving on planet 892-IV

"What do you call those?"

"I call them ears."

"Are you trying to be funny?"

"Never."
 * - Flavius and Spock, as Flavius captures the landing party

"May the blessings of the Son be upon you."
 * - Septimus, to the landing party

"Medical men are trained in logic, Mr. Spock."

"Really, Doctor? I had no idea they were trained. Watching you, I assumed it was trial and error."
 * - McCoy and Spock, discussing slavery on planet 892-IV

"Are they enemies, Captain?"

"I'm not sure they're sure."
 * - Flavius and Kirk, on Spock and McCoy

"I know you, Flavius. You're as peaceful as a bull."
 * - Lead Policeman, as two guards take Flavius away

"My world, Proconsul, is my vessel, my oath, my crew."
 * - Kirk to Claudius, as Spock and McCoy compare Earth history with planet 892-IV

"You bring this network's ratings down, Flavius, and we'll do a special on you!"
 * - Master of the Games, as Flavius is whipped

"We believe men should fight their own battles. Only the weak will die."
 * - Claudius, explaining the rules of the game to Kirk

"The games have always strengthened us. Death becomes a familiar pattern. We don't fear it as you do."
 * - Claudius, on the Roman fighting spirit

"Fight, you pointed-ear freak!"

"You tell him, buster! Of all the completely ... ridiculous ... illogical questions ... I ever heard in my life!"
 * - Achilles and McCoy, after Spock asks McCoy if he needs any help in the arena

"I'm trying to thank you! You pointed-eared hobgoblin!"
 * - McCoy, offended by Spock's lack of empathy

"Do you know why you're not afraid to die, Spock? You're more afraid of living. Each day you stay alive is just one more day you might slip and let your human half peek out."
 * - McCoy, commenting on Spock's personal insecurity

"You're a Roman, Kirk, or you should have been."
 * - Claudius, expressing admiration for Kirk

"You may not understand because you're centuries beyond anything as crude as television."
 * - Claudius, as Kirk is taken to the arena

"They threw me a few curves."
 * - Kirk to Spock, commenting on his night with Drusilla

"I pity you, Captain Merik. But at least watch and see how men die."
 * - Claudius, as the guards corner Kirk, Spock and McCoy

"Caesar and Christ. They had them both. And the word is spreading only now."
 * - Kirk, after realizing that Flavius worshiped the Son of God

Production timeline

 * Outline for NBC by John Kneubuhl,
 * Story outline by John Kneubuhl,
 * First draft script
 * Final draft teleplay by John Kneubuhl and Gene L. Coon,
 * Third revised final draft
 * Filmed: –
 * Original airdate,
 * First UK airdate

Story and script

 * Gene Roddenberry and Gene L. Coon wrote this episode's teleplay from a story by playwright and television writer John Kneubuhl. However, Roddenberry and Coon received sole writing credit for the episode.
 * Roddenberry revised the shooting script as the episode was being filmed. Director Ralph Senensky remembers picking up the day's script pages when arriving to the set in the morning.
 * The title, "Bread and Circuses", comes from a line by the Roman satirist Juvenal, and refers to the practice in ancient Rome of providing a regular free bread (or grain) dole to the lower classes and free entertainment in the city's arenas and circuses, both of which had the effect of preventing civil unrest in the populace. [
 * The episode parodies the television industry in several ways. Fake applause and catcalls are used to simulate a studio audience, and the race for high television ratings is lampooned several times. The TV station manager threatens the now-pacifist runaway slave that he had better fight convincingly: "You bring this network's ratings down, Flavius, and we'll do a special on you!" Later, the Proconsul sneers at Kirk about the captain's impending death, to be televised from the arena, by telling Kirk that "You're centuries beyond anything as crude as... television." Kirk replies, "I've heard it was... similar," an oblique reference to the series' own ratings difficulties. Comic relief is in the scene where McCoy and Spock heckle each other on the TV Stage during the gladiatorial duels.

Production

 * The caves where the Children of the Son hide out are one of the most-used locations in television and movies. In addition to being the entrance to the, they are also seen in , and various police and western shows. They are located right below the famous Hollywood sign.
 * During the location shooting for this episode, the new producer John Meredyth Lucas visited the set, accompanied by Gene Roddenberry. Lucas was struck by the tension and bad atmosphere among the cast. "Shatner came around the corner, and when he saw Gene, he turned around and went the other way. And the cast was fighting too. All the actors complained to me about all the other actors." (Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, p. 354)
 * The newsreel scene of the arrest was filmed in front of an office building at Paramount Studios. Paramount production buildings were also utilized for location filming in and.
 * One of the shots of the planetary capital (in the opening of Act II) is of the Great Dome at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, whose words can be read (somewhat) above the pillars. The next shot shows the Legion of Honor on the Left Bank in Paris; its motto honneur et patrie is not Latin but French.
 * This is one of only two TOS episodes featuring dialog in act one before the title of the episode appears on-screen. The other episode is.
 * Several sequences from this episode made the blooper reel:
 * Jack Perkins had a line which was supposed to read, "If they refuse to move out on cue, skewer them" but instead said, "Screw them!". After viewing that take in the dailies, Gene Roddenberry wrote a memo to director Ralph Senensky, suggesting that all dialogue should be "carefully enunciated in the future". (Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, p. 370)
 * Ted Cassidy appeared out of nowhere dressed as Injun Joe from his work on The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and carried Shatner off just before he was going to machine-gun the lock of Spock and McCoy's cell. While he was being carried, Shatner yelled out "Hey, I don't know about you, but this is not the way it should work! I want you to know!" This was the first scene to be filmed that day, and when Cassidy visited the set, the cast and crew came up with this small prank to start the day's work in a happy mood. Everyone on the set knew about it, except Shatner.
 * As the police closed in on the landing party after they escape their cell, one of the extras slipped and fell; this is the reason there is a quick cut before the policemen reach the main corridor.

Cast

 * George Takei (Sulu) does not appear in this episode. He was shooting at the time.
 * Voice-over artist Bartell LaRue makes one of two on-camera appearances in the series in this episode. The other is in.

Sets and Props

 * Proconsul Marcus' insignia is not a Roman symbol (a legionary eagle or a fasces), but rather the coat of arms of the English playwright William Shakespeare.
 * The automatic weapons that the Roman guards wield are Danish submachine guns.
 * A number of costumes and props were recycled from Paramount's storage vaults, including the Roman guards' outfits. Many of these items were originally made for 's epics such as The Sign of the Cross, Cleopatra and The Crusades. (Star Trek: The Original Series 365)

Continuity

 * This is the only TOS episode in which it is explicitly stated that the planetary natives are speaking in English. (This was perhaps done to make the characters' misinterpretation of "Son Worshipers" as "Sun Worshipers" more plausible, as "Son" and "Sun" would likely not be homophones in another language; they are not in either Latin or Greek, the two main languages spoken in the Roman Empire.)
 * Two different characters have the same name in this one episode: the primary Claudius Marcus is the proconsul, while his namesake is mentioned as the gladiator who slew William B. Harrison, the last of the barbarians.

Reception

 * Most reviewers cite the satire of network television and the race for ratings (the main adversary of Star Trek during its original three year run) as the high point of this episode. Allan Asherman notes in The Star Trek Compendium: "In the hands of Star Trek's dominant Genes (Roddenberry and Coon) this episode also becomes a marvelous satire of the television industry." (p. 87)
 * Director Ralph Senensky claims that the tight schedule resulted in the episode turning out to be of lower quality than it could have been under better circumstances, especially regarding the arena scenes. "The scenes in the arena are the part of "Bread and Circuses" most harmed by the time restrictions imposed by the new management. The sequences were literally shot on the run. The satiric look at live television was there, but the spectacle of the Roman arena was far less than it should have been. (...) There was so much more that could have been done that would have been exciting and entertaining, but it required the time to stage and rehearse, with necessary care taken to avoid injury to the actors involved. That set piece should have been the highlight of the production; but those bloodhounds in black suits were nipping at our heels."

Apocrypha

 * The Roman planet, known as Magna Roma to its inhabitants according to some published Star Trek reference material, is revisited in the novel The Captains' Honor set 100 years after the encounter by the original Enterprise crew. The novel details how the alternate Rome conquered their world and explains that 100 years after the events of "Bread and Circuses" the Romans are now Federation members and are participating in galactic affairs utilizing at least one  starship, the former USS Farragut (23rd century) renamed the USS Centurion, and run according to their own methods and principles rather than those of Starfleet.

Video and DVD releases

 * Original US Betamax release:.
 * UK VHS release (two-episode tapes, CIC Video): Volume 23, catalogue number VHR 2358,.
 * US VHS release:.
 * UK re-release (three-episode tapes, CIC Video): Volume 2.5,.
 * Original US DVD release (single-disc): Volume 22,.
 * As part of the TOS Season 2 DVD collection.
 * As part of the TOS-R Season 2 DVD collection.

Starring

 * William Shatner as Capt. Kirk

Also Starring

 * Leonard Nimoy as Mr. Spock
 * And


 * DeForest Kelley as Dr. McCoy

Guest Star

 * William Smithers as Merik

Co-Starring

 * Logan Ramsey as Claudius
 * Ian Wolfe as Septimus
 * William Bramley as Policeman
 * And


 * Rhodes Reason as Flavius

Featuring

 * James Doohan as Scott
 * Nichelle Nichols as Uhura
 * Walter Koenig as Chekov
 * Bart LaRue as Announcer
 * Jack Perkins as Master of the Games
 * Max Kleven as Achilles
 * And


 * Lois Jewell as Drusilla

Uncredited Co-Stars

 * Paul Baxley as Policeman #1
 * William Blackburn as Hadley
 * Frank da Vinci as Brent
 * Roger Holloway as Roger Lemli
 * Jeannie Malone as a yeoman and a slave woman
 * Bob Orrison as Policemen #2
 * Eddie Paskey as Leslie
 * Gil Perkins as Slave #3
 * Paul Stader as Slave #1
 * Tom Steele as Slave #2
 * Unknown performers as:
 * Claudius Marcus
 * William B. Harrison
 * Empire TV cameraman
 * Legionnaire
 * Citizens
 * Model

External link


Brot und Spiele Bread and Circuses Bread and Circuses ja:TOS:もう一つの地球 Bread and Circuses Bread and Circuses