Ablative armor

Ablative armor was a type of protective hull plating used on starships, which possessed a capability for rapidly dissipating the energy impacts from directed energy weapon fire. Starfleet began use of ablative armor technology by 2371. 

Sometime in 2371, after her deployment to Deep Space 9 and unknown to Starfleet Operations, ablative armor was added to the USS Defiant (2370). This armor was first seen in use protecting an unshielded Defiant against Klingon disruptor fire. Throughout many conflicts in the 2370s, the armor protected the Defiant from, among others, the Klingons, the Cardassians, the Dominion and even from Federation phaser fire. During the failed coup attempt by Admiral Leyton, Captain Erika Benteen explicitly credited the Defiant's ablative armor with thwarting attempts by the USS Lakota to disable and prevent the Defiant from reaching Earth. By 2374, ablative armor had been installed on at least one other advanced Starfleet combat vessel, the USS Prometheus (Prometheus class). 

It is of note that under certain conditions, chroniton particles generated by Romulan cloaking devices could become lodged in the ablative armor matrix. On at least one occasion, a temporal surge caused by the explosion of a microscopic singularity shifted the chroniton particles in the hull into a high state of temporal polarization, thus causing a transporter beam to be redirected through time. This caused Commander Benjamin Sisko, Doctor Julian Bashir, and Lieutenant Jadzia Dax to be sent back in time to 2024, just before the Bell Riots. 

The Borg's long-range tactical vessels were also equipped with ablative hull armor. The Hirogen outpost, designed as a training facility by means of holodeck technology, utilized three layers of ablative armor to protect the grid's holoemitters. 

Background information
The Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Technical Manual clarifies what ablative armor is by describing it as an armor designed to disintegrate at a controlled rate under directed energy blasts, providing an additional layer of defense for starships.

The Star Trek: The Next Generation Technical Manual also suggests that the was fitted with an ablative hull layer, with "the outermost hull layer...composed of a 1.6 cm sheet of AGP ablative ceramic fabric chemically bonded onto a substrate of 0.15 cm tritanium foil. This material is formed into segments of approximately 3.7 m2 and is attached to the radiation attenuation layer by a series of duranium fasteners, which allows individual segments to be replaced as necessary."

Spacecraft in the real-world also posses a crude, in Star Trek terms, heat shielding constructed of ablative material, which is defined as "any material that possesses a capability for rapidly dissipating heat from a substrate," and thus is descriptive of any type of armor or physical shield that employs that method of energy dissipation.

Apocrypha
In Star Trek: Voyager - Elite Force, the Hazard Team's suits are equipped with ablative armor. While Munro (the player character) still has armor, damage to the health meter is greatly reduced. The Health Energy Stations present in the game use nanites to repair the armor.

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Ablativní pancéřování Ablativpanzerung 断熱被膜塗装